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The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of , , , and the , under the joint patronage of , the nobility, the , and an emerging merchant class. Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines, and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period.
Note also that certain countries in Europe, such as France, have , but which are nevertheless considered integral parts of that country. International Journal of Comparative Sociology.
Apeeegosoft.cf: Online profil / Partnersuche regional - In Asia, European-derived populations predominate in specifically and some parts of Northern.
Continent in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere Europe Area 10,180,000 km 2 3,930,000 sq mi Population 741,447,158 2016; Population density 72. Figures include only European portions of transcontinental countries. Istanbul is a transcontinental city with about two-thirds of the population residing in the European side. Europe is a located entirely in the and mostly in the. It is bordered by the to the north, the to the west and the to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of. Since around 1850, Europe is most commonly considered to be by the of the andthethe and Seas and the waterways of the. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The geographic border also does not follow political boundaries, withand being. A strict application of the Caucasus Mountains boundary also places two comparatively small countries, andin both continents. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres 3,930,000 sq mior 2% of the Earth's surface 6. Politically, Europe is divided into about of which partnersuche regional is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a of about 741 million about 11% of the as of 2016. The is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at along which the climate in Asia and is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast. Partnersuche regional, in particularwas the birthplace of. Since the started by andEurope played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers at various times thealmost all of and and the majority of Asia. Thethe subsequent and the shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thewhich partnersuche regional in at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in and eventually the wider world. Both took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the and the took prominence. During theEurope was divided along the between in the West and the in the East, until the and. Eastern Europe In 1949 the was founded, following a speech by Sirwith the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals. It includes all European states except forand. Broad has been partnersuche regional of Earth herself in the reconstructed and the poetry devoted to it. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent. Definition The prevalent definition of Europe as a geographical term partnersuche regional been in use since the mid-19th century. Europe partnersuche regional taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals, theand the ; to the southeast, including thethe and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence is generally considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of is usually assigned to. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences. History of the concept Early history A medieval from 1472 partnersuche regional the three continents as domains of the sons of — Asia to SemEurope to Iafethand Africa to Cham The first recorded usage of Eurṓpē as a geographic term is in the toin reference to the western shore of the. Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europe, Asia, and Libya Africawith the and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered therather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia. Europe's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer at the River Don. The described the continents as the lands given by to his three sons; Europe was defined as stretching from the at theseparating it fromto the Don, separating it from Asia. The convention received by the and surviving into modern usage is that of the used by Roman era authors such asandwho partnersuche regional the Tanais the modern Don River as the boundary. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of theas opposed to both the churches and to the. A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of coalesced in the 8th partnersuche regional, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Partnersuche regional traditions and Christian-Latin culture, defined partly in contrast with andand limited to northernthe British Isles, France, Christianised western Germany, the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy. Modern definitions Depiction of 'Queen Europe' in 1582. The question of defining partnersuche regional precise eastern boundary partnersuche regional Europe arises in the Early Modern period, as the eastern extension of partnersuche regional to include Northern Asia. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass of into two continents, Europe and Asia, partnersuche regional Ptolemy, with the boundary following thethethethe and the ancient. But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by theinto territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. He drew a new line along thefollowing the Volga north until thealong the between Volga and and then north along. This was adopted by the Russian Empire, and introduced the convention that would eventually become commonly accepted, but not without criticism by many modern analytical geographers. The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The published by the has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far partnersuche regional before cutting north towardswhile other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist,as a valley that, once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the and the Volga, the other following the Kuma—Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the to the Caspian. In and thethe boundary along the Kuma—Manych Depression was the most partnersuche regional used as early as 1906. In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks fromon thealong the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the until theand then the ; and Kuma—Manych Depression, thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest and this became the common convention in the later 20th century, although the Kuma—Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. Other hominid remains, dating back roughly 1 million years, have been discovered in. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humanswho appeared in Europe around 43,000 to 40,000 years ago. It spread from the Balkans along the valleys of the and the and along the. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such asand. The cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the. During this period giant monuments, such as the andwere constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe. Iron Age colonisation by the partnersuche regional gave rise to early cities. Western and are often attributed to Ancient Greece. The Greeks city-state, thewas the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists. Greece also generated many cultural contributions: inand underand ; in with and ; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting partnersuche regional the epic poems of ; in drama with andin medicine with and ; and in science withand. Bust of Augustus wearing the at Palazzo Bevilacqua inGreece was followed bywhich left partnersuche regional mark on,and many more key aspects in western civilisation. The two centuries that followed are known as thea period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and political stability in most of Europe. The empire continued to expand under emperors such as andwho spent time on the Empire's northern border fightingand tribes. The Empire began to decline in the 3rd century, particularly in the west. There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the,,, and, later on, the, and. Isolated monastic partnersuche regional were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from partnersuche regional classical period disappeared from Western Europe though they were preserved in the east, in the Byzantine Empire. While the Roman empire in the west continued to decline, Roman traditions and the Roman state remained strong in the predominantly Greek-speakingalso known as the. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Emperor presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of theand brought the Christian church under state control. Delegations of and at Byzantine court of From the 7th century onwards, as the Byzantines and neighbouring were severely weakened due the protracted, centuries-lasting and frequentthe Muslim Arabs began to make inroads into historically Roman territory, taking the Levant and North Africa and making inroads into. Over the next centuries Muslim forces took partnersuche regional, and. Between 711 and 720, most of the was brought under rule — save for small areas in the northwest and largely regions in the. This territory, under the Arabic namebecame part of the expanding. The unsuccessful 717 weakened the and reduced their prestige. The Umayyads were then defeated by the leader at the in 732, which ended their northward advance. During the Dark Ages, the fell under the control of various tribes. The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe respectively. Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under. This led in 962 to the founding of thewhich eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe. The powerful state of spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans, reaching its largest territorial extent under and causing a series of armed conflicts with. Further south, the first emerged in the late 7th and 8th century and adopted : thethe later andand the later. To the East, the expanded from its capital in to partnersuche regional the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. In 988, adopted as the religion of state. Further East, became an Islamic state in the 10th century, but was eventually absorbed into Russia several centuries later. High and Late Middle Ages See also: The period between the year 1000 and 1300 is known as theduring which partnersuche regional population of Europe experienced significant growth, culminating in the. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the and. The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the a leading partnersuche regional in the European scene. A struggle for influence between the and the in England led to the writing of the and the establishment of a. The primary source partnersuche regional culture in this period came from the. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. partnersuche regional The reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. An in 1054 split the former Roman Partnersuche regional religiously, with the in the and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire. In 1095 called for a against occupying and the. In Europe itself, the Church organised the against heretics. Inthe concluded with the fall of in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the. In the east a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Muslims and reconquered the Balkans. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries, with a population of approximately 400,000. The Empire was weakened partnersuche regional the defeat at and was weakened considerably by theduring the. Although it would recover Constantinople in 1261, when by the. The sacking of by in 1238, during the. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic tribes, such as the and thecaused a massive migration of populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the partnersuche regional and temporarily halted the expansion of the Rus' state to the south and east. Like many other parts ofthese territories were. The invaders, who became known aswere mostly Turkic-speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty. They established the state of the with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Partnersuche regional as a religion and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. After the collapse of Mongol dominions, the first Romanian states principalities emerged in the 14th century: Moldova and Walachia. Previously, these territories were under the partnersuche regional control of Pechenegs and Cumans. From the 12th to the 15th centuries, the grew from a small principality under Mongol rule to the largest state in Europe, overthrowing the Mongols in 1480 and eventually becoming the. The state was consolidated under andsteadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries. The was the first that would strike Europe in the late Middle Ages. The period between 1348 and 1420 witnessed the heaviest loss. The population of was reduced by half. Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines, and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period. Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by theone of the most deadly in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europe alone—a third of the at the time. The plague had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by in 1353. It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased, and. The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying and mortalities until the 18th century. During this period, more than 100 plague swept across Europe. Early modern period The end of the marked the beginning of the in1453. The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The rise of a was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten and Arabic knowledge from libraries, often translated from Arabic into. The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of,and theunder the joint patronage ofthe nobility, theand an emerging merchant class. Partnersuche regional in Italy, including the family of Florentine bankers and the infunded prolific and artists such as, and. Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the. During this forty-year period, two popes—one in and one in Rome—claimed rulership over the Church. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly. In the 15th century, Europe started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers. Spain and Portugal, the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Exploration reached the in the Atlantic and the Southern tip of Africa. Soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa,and Asia. The Church's power was further weakened by the Protestant Reformation 1517—1648initially sparked by of German theologianan attempt to start a reform within the Church. The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor's influence, as German princes became divided between and Roman Catholic faiths. This eventually led to the 1618—1648which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much ofkilling between 25 and 40 percent of its population. In the aftermath of theFrance rose to predominance within Europe. The 17th century in southern, central and partnersuche regional Europe was a period of general. Central and Partnersuche regional Europe experienced more than 150 famines in a 200-year period between 1501 and 1700. From the 1385 central and eastern Europe was dominated by and. Between 1648 and 1655 in the central and eastern Europe ended hegemony of the. From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the partnersuche regional khanates of the were conquered by Russia, from the frequently Eastern Slavic lands to capture slaves. Further east, the and frequently raided the Slavic-speaking areas of Russia, Ukraine and Poland for hundreds of years, until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia i. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia. Meanwhile, in the south, the Ottomans had conquered the Balkans by the 15th century. In the in 1571, the checked Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. The Ottomans again laid siege to Vienna in 1683, but the permanently ended their advance into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the in central Europe. The Renaissance and the marked the start of an Age of Discovery, partnersuche regional period of exploration, invention, and scientific development. Among the great figures of the Western of the 16th and 17th centuries were,and. Napoleon's had lost about half a million men. The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial. These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted. The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania, as a nation-state, from smaller principalities. In 1867, the was ; and 1871 saw the unifications of both and as from smaller principalities. In parallel, the grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent, the struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the and perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Meanwhile, the 1804 and 1821 marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in thewhich ended with the in 1912-1913. Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities ofand ensued at the in 1878. Marshall's 1840the started in The started in in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment, and the rise of a new working class. Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the onthe legalisation ofand the. In Britain, the was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, thecaused death and mass emigration of millions of Partnersuche regional people. Partnersuche regional the 19th century, 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States. Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918. It started when was assassinated by the. Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the,Portugal,the United Kingdom, partnersuche regional later,and the United States and the,and the. The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead. Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918. Russia was plunged into thewhich threw down the and replaced it with the. Thewhich officially ended World War I in 1919, was harsh towards Germany, upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions. Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the including the postwar amounted to a combined total of 18 million. In 1932—1933, under 's leadership, confiscations of grain by the Soviet authorities contributed to the which caused millions of deaths; surviving were persecuted and many sent to to do. Stalin was also responsible for the of 1937—38 in which the executed 681,692 people; millions of people were to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The sweeping through Russia also affected other European nations following : in 1919, with the in Germany, and the ; in 1922, with 's one party government in theand in 'sadopting the Western alphabet, and state. Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. This and the brought about the worldwide. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, developed throughout Europe placing in power of what became. In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany. Germany re-expanded and took back partnersuche regional and in 1935 and 1936. In 1938, became a part of Germany following the. Later that year, following the signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, Germany annexed thewhich was a part of inhabited by ethnic Germans, and in early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into thecontrolled by Germany, and the. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of. Germany on 1 September 1939, partnersuche regional France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September, opening the. The started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. On 24 September, the Soviet Partnersuche regional attacked the and later, Finland. The British hoped to land at and partnersuche regional troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. In May 1940, Germany through the Low Countries. France capitulated in June 1940. By August Germany began abut failed to convince the Britons to give up. In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in. On 7 December 1941 's drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the and other forces. Thewhich involved the largest in history, was the last major German offensive on the. partnersuche regional In June 1944, British and American forces invaded France in theopening a new front against Germany. The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with. Several in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people. The United States and Western Europe established the alliance and later the Soviet Union partnersuche regional Central Europe established the. The led to the creation of the. It began the of the 1950, at the. The two newthe United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on. At the same timewhich had already started after World War I, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa. In the 1980s the of and the movement in Poland accelerated the collapse of the Eastern bloc and the end of the Cold War. Germany was reunited, after the symbolic in 1989, and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. The in 1957 established the between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market. Between 2004 and 2013, more Central and Eastern European countries began joining, to its current size of 28 European countries, and once more partnersuche regional Europe a major economical and political centre of power. Geography Relief map of Europe and surrounding regions Europe makes up the western fifth of the landmass. It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. Its maritime borders consist of the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas to the south. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high, andthrough hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This extended lowland is known as theand at its heart lies the. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. Sub-regions such as the and the contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Sub-regions likeBritain, and Ireland are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. Climate of Europe and surrounding regions: Europe lies mainly in the climate zones, being subjected to. The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the. The Gulf Stream not partnersuche regional carries warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year of Naples partnersuche regional 16 °C 61 °Fwhile it is only 12 °C 54 °F in New York City which is almost on the same latitude. Berlin, Germany; Partnersuche regional, Canada; and Irkutsk, in the Asian part of Russia, lie on partnersuche regional the same latitude; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 °C 14 °F higher than those in Calgary, and they are almost 22 °C 40 °F higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk. Similarly, northern parts of Scotland have a temperate marine climate. The yearly average temperature in city of Inverness is 9. Geology in is the highest mountain in Europe. The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Fennoscandia and theboth around 2. Around 440 million partnersuche regional ago was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with then leading partnersuche regional the formation of. Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia North America and the Eurasian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, vialeading to interchange of animal species. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Partnersuche regional. Europe's present shape dates partnersuche regional the late about five million years ago. partnersuche regional Europa Point as seen from the. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the to the rolling of Hungary. Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Ireland in the west to the in the east. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Major partnersuche regional water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are thethethe complex and. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient. Flora Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various. Land use map of Europe with arable farmland yellowforest dark greenpasture light greenand tundra or bogs in the north dark yellow The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed. The conditions for growth are very favourable. partnersuche regional In the north, the and warm the continent. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of theseare oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south-north,partnersuche regional because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards the sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems. Floristic regions of Europe and neighbouring areas, according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch Probably 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries ofEurope still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the forests, of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed of the Caucasus and the forests in the western Mediterranean. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture of have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2—3% or less, in European Russia 5—10%. The country with the smallest percentage of forested area is 1%while the most forested country is Finland 77%. In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both and coniferous trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are and. In the north, the taiga is a mixed —— forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian the extends eastwards from and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north. Fauna of Europe and bordering regions Glaciation during the and the presence of man affected the distribution of. As for partnersuche regional animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top species have been hunted to extinction. The was extinct before the end of the period. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the lives primarily in theScandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe Austria, Pyrenees etc. In addition, may be found ona Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. Thethe second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Scandinavia, Spain, etc. Once roaming the great temperate forests of Eurasia, now live in nature preserves inon the border between and. European wild cat, foxes especially the red foxjackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes and amphibians, different birds owls, hawks and other birds of prey. Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. A number of insects, such as the butterfly, add to the biodiversity. The extinction of the and has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on the islands of the. Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly. Important animals that live in European seas are,differentandfish,and. Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe'swhich has also been signed by the as well as non-European states. The prevalent form of government in Europe isin most cases in the form of ; in 1815, the prevalent form of government was still the. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies are. More recently, the has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. Among the smaller European organizations are thethethe and the. List of states and territories It has been suggested that this section be out into another article titled. Name km 2 per km 2 28,748 2,876,591 98. This includes Åland atwo constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark other than Denmark itselfthreeand two. Svalbard is also included due to its unique status within Norway, although it is not autonomous. Not included are the three with devolved powers and the twowhich despite having a unique degree of autonomy, are not largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. Areas with little more than a unique tax status, such as and theare also not included for this reason. In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak. As with other continents, Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries. The richer states tend to be in the ; some of partnersuche regional economies are still emerging from the and the. The European Union, a political entity composed of 28 European states, comprises the in the world. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest. There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. From Britain, it gradually spread throughout Europe. The started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. Cold War 1945—1991 Fall of the in 1989. Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. West Germany and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Spain, under the leadership ofalso recovered, and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the. The states which retained a system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the. Until 1990, the was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. Reunification 1991—present blue colour With the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1991, the post-socialist states began free market reforms: Poland, Hungary, and adopted them reasonably quickly, while and Russia are still in the process of doing so. After and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. The European Union is now the largest economy in the world. Figures released by in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into in 2008. It impacted much of the region. In 2010, fears of a developed concerning some countries in Europe, especially Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. As a result, measures were taken, especially for Greece, by the leading countries of the Eurozone. The unemployment rate was partnersuche regional. For those aged 15—24 it was 22. Demographics in and around Europe in 2010 In 2017, the population of Europe was estimated to be 742 million according to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospectswhich is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. This number partnersuche regional Asian Russia Siberia, about 36 million people partnersuche regional excludes the European part of Turkey, Cyprus and the Transcaucasian partnersuche regional. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the. The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world in particular Africa and Asia the population has grown far more quickly. Among the continents, Europe has a relatively highsecond only to Asia. Most of Europe is in a mode ofwhich means that each new -born generation is being less populous than the older. The most densely populated country in Europe and in the world is the of. Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to. The average number of of child-bearing age is 1. According to some sources, this rate is higher among. Migration Main articles: and Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total. The European Union plans to open the job centres for legal migrant workers from Africa. But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe. Today, are found on every continent. European ancestry predominates in North America, and to a lesser degree in South America particularly in, andwhile most of the other countries also have a considerable. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities or with the exception of and probablydepending partnersuche regional contextbut there are significant minorities, such as the. In Asia, European-derived populations predominate in specifically and some parts of Northern. Languages Main article: Europe has about 225 indigenous languages, mostly falling within three language groups: thederived from the of the ; thewhose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the. Slavic partnersuche regional are most spoken by the number of native speakers in Europe, they are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Romance languages are spoken primarily in south-western Europe as well as in andin Eastern Europe. Germanic languages are spoken in Northern Europe, the British Isles and some parts of. Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the group that is, andthe group that is,,and,and. A distinct non-Indo-European family of,partnersuche regional,and is spoken mainly in,and parts of Russia. Two other language families reside in the North Caucasus termedmost notably including, and ; andmost notably including. Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today. The and the Council of Europe's set up a legal framework for language partnersuche regional in Europe. Major cities The four are, andeach have over 10 million residents, and as such have been described as. While Istanbul has the highest total population, one third lies on the Asian side of themaking Moscow the most populous city entirely in Europe. The next largest cities in order partnersuche regional population are, andeach having over 3 million residents. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of or more specificallyas established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of Europe, especiallyas in the and the. This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided intoandbut with several components not part of either of these group notably and. Main article:religion in Europe has been a major influence on, and. The largest religion in Europe iswith 76. Among Protestants, the most popular are historically state-supported European denominations such asand the. Other Protestant denominations such as historically significant ones like were never supported by any state and thus are not so widespread, as well partnersuche regional these newly arriving from the such as,and various ; although Methodism and Baptists both have European origins. The second most popular religion is 6% concentrated mainly in the Balkans and eastern Europe,, and the. Other religions, including Judaism,and are minority religions though Tibetan Buddhism is the majority religion of Russia's. The 20th century saw the revival of through movements such as and. Europe has become a relatively continent, with an increasing number and proportion ofand people, who make up about 18. There are a particularly high number of self-described non-religious people in the Czech Republic,Sweden, former East Germany, and France. The vast majority of its population 78% lives in European Russia. However only the population figure includes the entire state. Other legislated by the include and. Population and density figures are from the first results of 2011 census and are given without the disputed territory of. Population and area details include European portion only: Netherlands and three entities outside Europeandin the constitute the. However, only the population figure refers to the entire country. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively. However the population and area figures are for the entire state. This partnersuche regional the of the and the region that has declared, andindependence. Nevertheless, it is not recognised by. The population and area figures include Georgian estimates for andtwo regions that have declared and independence. Turkey has a small part of its territory 3% in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. However only the population partnersuche regional includes the entire state. Partnersuche regional precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries. Population figures partnersuche regional as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively. Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece. The east face of Helicon: west Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth. Whether countries are considered in Europe or Asia can vary in sources, for example in the classification of the or that of the. Note also that certain countries in Europe, such as France, havebut which are nevertheless considered integral parts of that country. Archived from on 31 October 2009. Genesis and the Jewish antiquities of Flavius Josephus. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982, fragm. Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia in German. Archived from on 8 January 2012. Archived from on 16 October 2011. Fairbridge, Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology, Springer, 1997,p. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Archived from on 15 June 2012. Archived from on 19 November 2018. A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume I. Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction. The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first partnersuche regional in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west. Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal. These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium, and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so-called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 Queller and Madden 1997. And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks, it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204. However, the fifty-seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire, even when it retook the capital in 1261, genuinely weak. Beginning in 1222, the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355. When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453, sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city's final fall. Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek-speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West, but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople, many say fatally so. After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived partnersuche regional the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries, but it never fully recovered. Although the empire was revived, the events of 1204 had so weakened Byzantium that it was no longer a great power. Later they established themselves in the Anatolian peninsula at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines, however, had been severely weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and the Western occupation of much of the empire for the next half century. Western Christians, not Muslims, fatally crippled Byzantine power and opened Islam's path into the West. They fatally wounded Byzantium, which was the main cause of its weakened condition when the Muslim onslaught came. Even on the eve of its final collapse, the precondition for any Western help was submission in Florence. Archived from on 27 April 2011. Archived from on 7 June 2008. France in the Sixteenth Century. The Library of Iberian resources online. A compilation of estimates indicates that Crimean Tartars seized about 1,750,000 Ukrainians, Poles, and Russians from 1468 to 1694. The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. The Penguin Atlas of Modern History. Napoleon Bonaparte and the legacy of the French Revolution. Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe European History in Perspective. A shortened history of England. Archived from on 12 May 2008. The Age of Extremes: A history of the world, 1914—1991. The Origins of the Second World War. Archived from on 9 November 2006. Archived from on 4 December 2007. Archived from on partnersuche regional December 2016. Partnersuche regional from on 25 October 2009. Archived from on 28 January 2015. Archived from on 20 May 2011. Accessed on 18 April 2017. Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today, p. Rethinking International Organisation: Deregulation and Global Governance. Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today, p. Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies, p. Archived from on 30 December 2010. Archived from on 9 May 2010. Archived from on 7 January 2010. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen 2002. Archived from on 19 May 2008. Archived from on 11 October 2007. Archived from on 9 June 2008. Daily Express, 3 January 2009. Archived from on 17 May 2008. Crisis in Western Education reprint ed. Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715 Cengage Learning ed. Partnersuche regional in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2 Newman Press ed. H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization 1953Stanford University Press, p. The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. Crisis in Western Education reprint ed. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived from on 8 January 2011. Archived from on 31 December 2010. Archived from on 23 July 2013. Archived from on 19 February 2011. National Geographic Visual History of the World. The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition. The vast majority of its population 80% lives intherefore Russia as partnersuche regional whole partnersuche regional included as a European country here. It has a small part of its territory 3% in Southeast Europe called. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the. It has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals partnersuche regional Eastern Europe.
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Early modern period The end of the marked the beginning of the in , 1453. Archived from on 23 July 2013. In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. With the exception of and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies, p. The cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the.
